A Nipah virus outbreak in West Bengal, India, has triggered concern in neighboring countries, with several Asian nations stepping up airport and border screenings to prevent the virus’s spread. The deadly virus, which has no approved vaccine or treatment, has already infected healthcare workers in India and prompted quarantine measures for over 100 people.
Nipah Virus Cases in West Bengal
As of last week, five confirmed cases of Nipah virus were reported in Barasat, West Bengal, all linked to a private hospital. Among those infected, two nurses are being treated in intensive care, with one in a critical condition, according to the state health department.
Authorities have quarantined around 110 people who had contact with the infected individuals to contain the outbreak.
Health officials are urging the public to remain vigilant, avoid close contact with sick individuals, and report any symptoms promptly.
What Is the Nipah Virus?
The Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus, meaning it can spread from animals to humans. Common carriers include fruit bats and pigs, but human-to-human transmission is also possible through contaminated food or close contact with infected individuals.
Key facts about the virus:
- Incubation period: 4–14 days
- Symptoms: Fever, headache, muscle pain, vomiting, sore throat
- Severe symptoms: Drowsiness, altered consciousness, pneumonia, and encephalitis
- Mortality rate: 40%–75%
- Treatment: No approved vaccines or drugs
The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed Nipah as one of its top ten priority diseases due to its potential to trigger epidemics.
Past Outbreaks
The first recognized outbreak occurred in 1998 in Malaysia, affecting pig farmers. Over 100 people died, and a million pigs were culled to prevent further spread.
Subsequent outbreaks have occurred in:
- Bangladesh: Over 100 deaths since 2001
- India: West Bengal (2001, 2007) and Kerala (2018, 2023)
Kerala has been a recent hotspot, with 19 cases in 2018 (17 deaths) and six cases in 2023 (two deaths).
Current Precautions in Asia
While no cases have been reported outside India, neighboring countries are acting proactively:
- Thailand: Screening passengers from West Bengal at three international airports in Bangkok and Phuket. Health declarations are being required, and tourist spots are under stricter screening.
- Nepal: Airport screenings at Kathmandu and land border points with India have been initiated.
- Taiwan: Authorities are considering classifying Nipah as a “Category 5 disease”, reserved for rare, emerging infections with major public health risks.
Jurai Wongswasdi, spokeswoman for Thailand’s Department for Disease Control, told BBC that Thai authorities are “fairly confident” about guarding against an outbreak.
How the Virus Spreads
- Animal-to-human transmission: Through contact with infected bats or pigs
- Human-to-human transmission: Through bodily fluids or contaminated surfaces
- Foodborne transmission: Consuming fruits or food contaminated by infected bats
Symptoms to Watch For
Early detection is critical. Symptoms can appear within 4–14 days:
- Fever and headaches
- Muscle pain and vomiting
- Sore throat and fatigue
In severe cases:
- Encephalitis (brain inflammation)
- Respiratory issues such as pneumonia
- Altered consciousness and drowsiness
Authorities advise that anyone showing these symptoms seek immediate medical attention.
Global Significance
The Nipah virus is considered a major public health risk because of its high fatality rate and potential for human-to-human transmission. Countries in Asia are closely monitoring the situation to prevent an international outbreak.
Experts note that early containment, strict quarantine measures, and awareness campaigns are critical to controlling the spread of Nipah.